Tuberculosis
Volume 91, Issue 6 , Pages 497-509 , November 2011

Pathology of post primary tuberculosis of the lung: An illustrated critical review

Received 22 January 2011 ,Revised 22 March 2011 ,Accepted 24 March 2011.

References 

  1. Dubos R, Dubos G. The white plague. Tuberculosis, man, and society. Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 1987;
  2. Garay S. Pulmonary tuberculosis. In:  Garay WRS editors. Tuberculosis. Boston: Little Brown&Co; 1996;p. 373–412[chapter 32]
  3. Leong FJ, Dartois V, Dick T. A color atlas of comparative pathology of pulmonary tuberculosis. New York: CRC Press; 2011;
  4. McGrath JW. Social networks of disease spread in the lower Illinois valley: a simulation approach. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1988;77:483–496
  5. Donald PR, Marais BJ, Barry CE. Age and the epidemiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Lancet. 2010;375:1852–1854
  6. Paige C, Bishai WR. Penitentiary or penthouse condo: the tuberculous granuloma from the microbe's point of view. Cell Microbiol. 2010;12:301–309
  7. Hunter RL, Olsen M, Jagannath C, Actor JK. Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate and lipid in the pathogenesis of caseating granulomas of tuberculosis in mice. Am J Pathol. 2006;168:1249–1261
  8. Davis JM, Ramakrishnan L. The role of the granuloma in expansion and dissemination of early tuberculous infection. Cell. 2009;136:37–49
  9. Russell DG, Cardona PJ, Kim MJ, Allain S, Altare F. Foamy macrophages and the progression of the human tuberculosis granuloma. Nat Immunol. 2009;10:943–948
  10. Osler W. Tuberculosis. The principles and practice of medicine. New York: D. Appleton and Company; 1892;p. 184–255 [chapter 26]
  11. North RJ, Jung YJ. Immunity to tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004;22:599–623
  12. Levine ER. Classification of reinfection pulmonary tuberculosis. In:  Hayes E editors. The fundamentals of pulmonary tuberculosis and its complications for students, teachers and practicing physicians. Springfield: Charles C Thomas; 1949;p. 97–113[chapter 7]
  13. Alcais A, Fieschi C, Abel L, Casanova JL. Tuberculosis in children and adults: two distinct genetic diseases. J Exp Med. 2005;202:1617–1621
  14. Lawn SD, Acheampong JW. Pulmonary tuberculosis in adults: factors associated with mortality at a Ghanaian teaching hospital. West Afr J Med. 1999;18:270–274
  15. Cheeseman EA. The age distribution of tuberculosis mortality in Northern Ireland. Ulster Med J. 1952;21:15–24
  16. Korzeniewska-Kosela M, Krysl J, Muller N, Black W, Allen E, FitzGerald JM. Tuberculosis in young adults and the elderly. A prospective comparison study. Chest. 1994;106:28–32
  17. den Boon S, van Lill SW, Borgdorff MW, Enarson DA, Verver S, Bateman ED, et al. High prevalence of tuberculosis in previously treated patients, Cape Town, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1189–1194
  18. van Rie A, Warren R, Richardson M, Victor TC, Gie RP, Enarson DA, et al. Exogenous reinfection as a cause of recurrent tuberculosis after curative treatment. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1174–1179
  19. Gunn FD. Tuberculosis. In:  Anderson WAD editors. Pathology. 4th ed. St Louis: C.V. Mosby Company; 1961;p. 243–263
  20. Rich A. The pathogenesis of tuberculosis. 2nd ed. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas; 1951;
  21. Cannetti G. The tubercle bacillus in the pulmonary lesion of man. Histobacteriology and its bearing on the therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. New York: Springer Publishing Company Inc.; 1955;
  22. Laennec R. A treatise on diseases of the chest in which they are described according to their anatomical characters, and their diagnosis established on a new principle by means of acoustic instruments. London: T&G Underwood; 1821;(reprinted 1979 by The Classics of Medicine Library, Birmingham, AL.)
  23. Virchow R. Cellular pathology as based upon physiological and pathological histology. London: John Churchill; 1860;(reprinted by The Classics of Medicine Library, 1978, Birmingham, AL)
  24. Pagel W, Simmonds F, MacDonald N, Nassau E. The morbid anatomy and histology of tuberculosis, an introduction in simple terms. Pulmonary tuberculosis, bacteriology, pathology, management, epidemiology and prevention. London: Oxford University Press; 1964;p. 36–63 [chapter 3]
  25. Dannenberg AM. Pathogenisis of human pulmonary tuberculosis. Insights from the rabbit model. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2006;
  26. Lurie M, Abramson S, Heppleston A. On the response of genetically resistant and susceptible rabbits to the quantitative inhalation of human type tubercle bacilli and the nature of resistance to tuberculosis. J Exp Med. 1952;95:119–135
  27. Helke KL, Mankowski JL, Manabe YC. Animal models of cavitation in pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2005;
  28. Flynn J, Cooper A, Bishai W. Animal models of tuberculosis. In:  Cole ST,  Eisenach KD,  McMurray DN,  Jacobs WR editor. Tuberculosis and the tubercle bacillus. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2005;p. 547–560
  29. Russell DG, Barry CE, Flynn JL. Tuberculosis: what we don't know can, and does, hurt us. Science. 2010;328:852–856
  30. Dannenberg AM. Roles of cytotoxic delayed-type hypersensitivity and macrophage-activating cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Immunobiology. 1994;191:461–473
  31. Hunter RL, Jagannath C, Actor JK. Pathology of postprimary tuberculosis in humans and mice: contradiction of long-held beliefs. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2007;87:267–278
  32. Davson J. The early stages of apical scar development. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1939;49:483–490
  33. Pagel W, Pagel M. Zur Histochemie der Lungentuberkulose, mit besonderer Berucksichtung der Fettsubstanzen und Lipoide (Fat and lipoid content to tuberculous tissue. Histochemical investigation), Virchows Arch Pathol Anat. 1925;256:629–640
  34. Florey H. Tuberculosis. General pathology based on lectures delivered at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford. Philadelphia and London: W.B. Saunders; 1958;p. 829–870 [chapter 40]
  35. Cornil V, Ranvier L. Part III, Section I Chapter II. Pathological histology of the respiratory apparatus. A manual of pathological histology translated with notes and additions by EO Shakespeare and JHC Simms. Philadephia: Henry C Lea; 1880;p. 394–445
  36. Im JG, Itoh H, Shim YS, Lee JH, Ahn J, Han MC, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis: CT findings – early active disease and sequential change with antituberculous therapy. Radiology. 1993;186:653–660
  37. Fish R, Pagel W. The morbid anatomy of epituberculosis. J Path Bact. 1938;47:593–601
  38. Kondo S, Miyagawa T, Ito M. Reevaluation of pathogenesis of epituberculosis in infants and children with tuberculosis. Kekkaku. 2007;82:569–575
  39. Welsh KJ, Risin SA, Actor JK, Hunter RL. Immunopathology of postprimary tuberculosis: increased T-regulatory cells and DEC-205-positive foamy macrophages in cavitary lesions. Clin Dev Immunol. 2011;2011:1–9
  40. Mays TJ. Pathology of pulmonary consumption. Pulmonary consumption, pneumonia and allied diseases of the lungs: their etiology, pathology and treatment with a chapter on physical diagnosis. New York: E.B. Treat & Company; 1901;p. 247–288
  41. Hektoen L, Reisman D. A text-book of pathology for the use of students and practitioners of medicine and surgery. London and Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders & Company; 1901;
  42. Andreu J, Caceres J, Pallisa E, Martinez-Rodriguez M. Radiological manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur J Radiol. 2004;51:139–149
  43. Hatipoglu ON, Osma E, Manisali M, Ucan ES, Balci P, Akkoclu A, et al. High resolution computed tomographic findings in pulmonary tuberculosis. Thorax. 1996;51:397–402
  44. Kashyap S, Mohapatra PR, Saini V. Endobronchial tuberculosis. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2003;45:247–256
  45. Collins J, Blankenbaker D, Stern EJ. CT patterns of bronchiolar disease: what is ‘tree-in-bud’?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:365–370
  46. Sucena M, Amorim A, Machado A, Hespanhol V, Magalhaes A. Endobronchial tuberculosis – clinical and bronchoscopic features. Rev Port Pneumol. 2004;10:383–391
  47. Tamura A, Hebisawa A, Fukushima K, Yotsumoto H, Mori M. Lipoid pneumonia in lung cancer: radiographic and pathological features. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1998;28:492–496
  48. Soni R, Barnes D, Torzillo P. Post obstructive pneumonia secondary to endobronchial tuberculosis – an institutional review. Aust N Z J Med. 1999;29:841–842
  49. Plessinger VA, Jolly PN. Rasmussen's aneurysms and fatal hemorrhage in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc. 1949;60:589–603illust
  50. Grosset J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the extracellular compartment: an underestimated adversary. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:833–836
  51. Anders JM. A text-book of the practice of medicine – illustrated. 5th ed.. Philadelphia and London: W.B. Saunders & Company; 1902;
  52. Corbett EL, Zezai A, Cheung YB, Bandason T, Dauya E, Munyati SS, et al. Provider-initiated symptom screening for tuberculosis in Zimbabwe: diagnostic value and the effect of HIV status. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88:13–21
  53. Kaplan G, Post FA, Moreira AL, Wainwright H, Kreiswirth BN, Tanverdi M, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth at the cavity surface: a microenvironment with failed immunity. Infect Immun. 2003;71:7099–7108
  54. Hunter RL, Venkataprasad N, Olsen MR. The role of trehalose dimycolate (cord factor) on morphology of virulent M. tuberculosis in vitro. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2005;
  55. Ewart W. The Gulstonian lectures on pulmonary cavities: their origin, growth and repair. Br Med J. 1882;March 11–April 15:333–7, 415–8, 53–56
  56. Rook GA, Dheda K, Zumla A. Immune responses to tuberculosis in developing countries: implications for new vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5:661–667
  57. Barry CE, Boshoff HI, Dartois V, Dick T, Ehrt S, Flynn J, et al. The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the biology and intervention strategies. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:845–855
  58. Aaron L, Saadoun D, Calatroni I, Launay O, Memain N, Vincent V, et al. Tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a comprehensive review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:388–398
  59. Lee KM, Choe KH, Kim SJ. Clinical investigation of cavitary tuberculosis and tuberculous pneumonia. Korean J Intern Med. 2006;21:230–235
  60. Liebana E, Johnson L, Gough J, Durr P, Jahans K, Clifton-Hadley R, et al. Pathology of naturally occurring bovine tuberculosis in England and Wales. Vet J. 2008;176:354–360
  61. Creighton C. Bovine tubercuosis in man: an account of the pathology of suspected cases. London: MacMillan and Co.; 1881;
  62. Francis J. Bovine tuberculosis. Including a corntast with human tuberculosis. New York: Staples Press Limited; 1947;
  63. Stamp JT. Bovine pulmonary tuberculosis. J Comp Pathol. 1948;58:9–23
  64. Medlar E. Pulmonary tuberculosis in cattle. The location and type of lesion in naturally acquired tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc. 1940;41:283–303
  65. Gortazar C, Vicente J, Gavier-Widen D. Pathology of bovine tuberculosis in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa). Vet Rec. 2003;152:779–780
  66. Zhu G, Ji S. Analysis of lobar pneumonic tuberculosis. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 1998;21:85–87
  67. Bandera A, Gori A, Catozzi L, Degli Esposti A, Marchetti G, Molteni C, et al. Molecular epidemiology study of exogenous reinfection in an area with a low incidence of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:2213–2218
  68. Hutchison JH. The pathogenesis of epituberculosis in children with a note on obstructive emphysema. Glasgow Med J. 1949;30:271–282
  69. Korf J, Stoltz A, Verschoor J, De Baetselier P, Grooten J. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall component mycolic acid elicits pathogen-associated host innate immune responses. Eur J Immunol. 2005;35:890–900
  70. Hunter RL, Olsen MR, Jagannath C, Actor JK. Multiple roles of cord factor in the pathogenesis of primary, secondary, and cavitary tuberculosis, including a revised description of the pathology of secondary disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2006;36:371–386
  71. Guidry TV, Hunter RL, Actor JK. Mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate-induced hypersensitive granulomas: contribution of CD4+ lymphocytes. Microbiology. 2007;153:3360–3369
  72. Geisel RE, Sakamoto K, Russell DG, Rhoades ER. In vivo activity of released cell wall lipids of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin is due principally to trehalose mycolates. J Immunol. 2005;174:5007–5015
  73. Ulrichs T, Lefmann M, Reich M, Morawietz L, Roth A, Brinkmann V, et al. Modified immunohistological staining allows detection of Ziehl-Neelsen-negative Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms and their precise localization in human tissue. J Pathol. 2005;205:633–640
  74. Mogga SJ, Mustafa T, Sviland L, Nilsen R. In situ expression of CD40, CD40L (CD154), IL-12, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and TGF-beta1 in murine lungs during slowly progressive primary tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol. 2003;58:327–334
  75. Converse PJ, Dannenberg AM, Estep JE, Sugisaki K, Abe Y, Schofield BH, et al. Cavitary tuberculosis produced in rabbits by aerosolized virulent tubercle bacilli. Infect Immun. 1996;64:4776–4787
  76. Dubos R. Properties and structures of tubercle bacilli concerned in their pathogenicity. Symp Soc Gen Microbiol. 1955;5:103–125
  77. Rana FS, Hawken MP, Mwachari C, Bhatt SM, Abdullah F, Ng'ang'a LW, et al. Autopsy study of HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative adult medical patients in Nairobi, Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;24:23–29

PII: S1472-9792(11)00063-1

doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.03.007

Tuberculosis
Volume 91, Issue 6 , Pages 497-509 , November 2011